Articles | Volume 34, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-259-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-259-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
14 Apr 2022
Research article |
| 14 Apr 2022
| 14 Apr 2022
The effect of Co substitution on the Raman spectra of pyrite: potential as an assaying tool
Khulan Berkh
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Stilleweg 2,
30655 Hanover, Germany
Dieter Rammlmair
Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Stilleweg 2,
30655 Hanover, Germany
Related authors
Khulan Berkh, Juraj Majzlan, Jeannet A. Meima, Jakub Plášil, and Dieter Rammlmair
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 737–754, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-737-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-737-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Since As is detrimental to the environment, the As content of ores should be reduced before it is released into the atmosphere through a smelting process. Thus, Raman spectra of typical As minerals were investigated, and these can be used in the industrial removal of As-rich ores prior to the ore beneficiation. An additional objective of our study was an investigation of the secondary products of enargite weathering. They play a decisive role in the release or retainment of As in the waste form.
Khulan Berkh, Juraj Majzlan, Jeannet A. Meima, Jakub Plášil, and Dieter Rammlmair
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 737–754, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-737-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-737-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Since As is detrimental to the environment, the As content of ores should be reduced before it is released into the atmosphere through a smelting process. Thus, Raman spectra of typical As minerals were investigated, and these can be used in the industrial removal of As-rich ores prior to the ore beneficiation. An additional objective of our study was an investigation of the secondary products of enargite weathering. They play a decisive role in the release or retainment of As in the waste form.
Wilhelm Nikonow and Dieter Rammlmair
Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst., 6, 429–437, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-429-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-429-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
This work describes a new approach to use fast X-ray fluorescence mapping as a tool for automated mineralogy applied on thin sections of plutonic rocks. Using a supervised classification of the spectral information, mineral maps are obtained for modal mineralogy and image analysis. The results are compared to a conventional method for automated mineralogy, which is scanning electron microscopy with mineral liberation analyzer, showing a good overall accuracy of 76 %.
Related subject area
Spectroscopic methods applied to minerals
The effect of chemical variability and weathering on Raman spectra of enargite and fahlore
OH incorporation and retention in eclogite-facies garnets from the Zermatt–Saas area (Switzerland) and their contribution to the deep water cycle
Optimal Raman-scattering signal for estimating the Fe3+ content on the clinozoisite–epidote join
A framework for quantitative in situ evaluation of coupled substitutions between H+ and trace elements in natural rutile
Effect of Fe–Fe interactions and X-site vacancy ordering on the OH-stretching spectrum of foitite
Molecular overtones and two-phonon combination bands in the near-infrared spectra of talc, brucite and lizardite
Non-destructive determination of the biotite crystal chemistry using Raman spectroscopy: how far we can go?
Crystallographic orientation mapping of lizardite serpentinite by Raman spectroscopy
Theoretical OH stretching vibrations in dravite
First-principles modeling of the infrared spectrum of Fe- and Al-bearing lizardite
Structural, textural, and chemical controls on the OH stretching vibrations in serpentine-group minerals
The intracrystalline microstructure of Monte Fico lizardite, by optics, μ-Raman spectroscopy and TEM
First-principles modeling of the infrared spectrum of antigorite
A Raman spectroscopic study of the natural carbonophosphates Na3MCO3PO4 (M is Mn, Fe, and Mg)
Local mode interpretation of the OH overtone spectrum of 1:1 phyllosilicates
Low-temperature infrared spectrum and atomic-scale structure of hydrous defects in diopside
In situ micro-FTIR spectroscopic investigations of synthetic ammonium phengite under pressure and temperature
Theoretical infrared spectra of OH defects in corundum (α-Al2O3)
Khulan Berkh, Juraj Majzlan, Jeannet A. Meima, Jakub Plášil, and Dieter Rammlmair
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 737–754, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-737-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-737-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Since As is detrimental to the environment, the As content of ores should be reduced before it is released into the atmosphere through a smelting process. Thus, Raman spectra of typical As minerals were investigated, and these can be used in the industrial removal of As-rich ores prior to the ore beneficiation. An additional objective of our study was an investigation of the secondary products of enargite weathering. They play a decisive role in the release or retainment of As in the waste form.
Julien Reynes, Jörg Hermann, Pierre Lanari, and Thomas Bovay
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 679–701, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-679-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-679-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Garnet is a high-pressure mineral that may incorporate very small amounts of water in its structure (tens to hundreds of micrograms per gram H2O). In this study, we show, based on analysis and modelling, that it can transport up to several hundred micrograms per gram of H2O at depths over 80 km in a subduction zone. The analysis of garnet from the various rock types present in a subducted slab allowed us to estimate the contribution of garnet in the deep cycling of water in the earth.
Mariko Nagashima and Boriana Mihailova
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 267–283, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-267-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-267-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a tool for fast preparation-free estimation of the Fe3+ content in Al–Fe3+ series epidotes by Raman spectroscopy. The peaks near 570, 600, and 1090 cm−1, originating from Si2O7 vibrations, strongly correlated with Fe content, and all three signals are well resolved in a random orientation. Among them, the 570 cm−1 peak is the sharpest and easily recognized. Hence, the linear trend, ω570 = 577.1(3) − 12.7(4)x, gives highly reliable Fe content, x, with accuracy ± 0.04 Fe3+ apfu.
Mona Lueder, Renée Tamblyn, and Jörg Hermann
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 243–265, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-243-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-243-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Although rutile does not have water in its chemical formula, it can contain trace amounts. We applied a new measurement protocol to study water incorporation into rutile from eight geological environments. H2O in natural rutile can be linked to six crystal defects, most importantly to Ti3+ and Fe3+. Quantifying the H2O in the individual defects can help us understand relationships of trace elements in rutile and might give us valuable information on the conditions under which the rock formed.
Etienne Balan, Guillaume Radtke, Chloé Fourdrin, Lorenzo Paulatto, Heinrich A. Horn, and Yves Fuchs
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 105–116, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-105-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-105-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Assignment of OH-stretching bands to specific atomic-scale environments in tourmaline is still debated, which motivates detailed theoretical studies of their vibrational properties. We have theoretically investigated the OH-stretching spectrum of foitite, showing that specific OH bands observed in the vibrational spectra of iron-rich and Na-deficient tourmalines are affected by the magnetic configuration of iron ions and X-site vacancy ordering.
Etienne Balan, Lorenzo Paulatto, Qianyu Deng, Keevin Béneut, Maxime Guillaumet, and Benoît Baptiste
Eur. J. Mineral., 34, 627–643, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-627-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-627-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The near-infrared spectra of hydrous minerals involve OH stretching vibrations, but their interpretation is not straightforward due to anharmonicity and vibrational coupling. We analyze the spectra of well-ordered samples of talc, brucite and lizardite to better assess the various factors contributing to the absorption bands. The results clarify the relations between the overtone spectra and their fundamental counterparts and provide a sound interpretation of the two-phonon combination bands.
Stylianos Aspiotis, Jochen Schlüter, Günther J. Redhammer, and Boriana Mihailova
Eur. J. Mineral., 34, 573–590, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-573-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-573-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Combined Raman-scattering and wavelength-dispersive electron microprobe (WD-EMP) analyses of natural biotites expanding over the whole biotite solid-solution series demonstrate that the chemical composition of the MO6 octahedra, TO4 tetrahedra, and interlayer space can be non-destructively determined by Raman spectroscopy with relative uncertainties below 8 %. The content of critical minor elements such as Ti at the octahedral site can be quantified as well with a relative error of ~ 20 %.
Matthew S. Tarling, Matteo Demurtas, Steven A. F. Smith, Jeremy S. Rooney, Marianne Negrini, Cecilia Viti, Jasmine R. Petriglieri, and Keith C. Gordon
Eur. J. Mineral., 34, 285–300, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-285-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-285-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Rocks containing the serpentine mineral lizardite occur in many tectonic settings. Knowing the crystal orientation of lizardite in these rocks tells us how they deform and gives insights into their physical properties. The crystal orientation of lizardite is challenging to obtain using standard techniques. To overcome this challenge, we developed a method using Raman spectroscopy to map the crystal orientation of lizardite with minimal preparation on standard thin sections.
Yves Fuchs, Chloé Fourdrin, and Etienne Balan
Eur. J. Mineral., 34, 239–251, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-239-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-239-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Information about the local structure of tourmaline-group minerals can be obtained from the characteristic OH stretching bands in their vibrational spectra. However, their assignment to specific atomic-scale environments is debated. We address this question theoretically by investigating a series of dravite models. Our results support a local role of cationic occupancies in determining the OH stretching frequencies and bring constraints for the interpretation of the vibrational spectra.
Etienne Balan, Emmanuel Fritsch, Guillaume Radtke, Lorenzo Paulatto, Farid Juillot, Fabien Baron, and Sabine Petit
Eur. J. Mineral., 33, 647–657, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-647-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-647-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Interpretation of vibrational spectra of serpentines is complexified by the common occurrence of divalent and trivalent cationic impurities at tetrahedral and octahedral sites. We theoretically investigate the effect of Fe and Al on the vibrational properties of lizardite, focusing on the OH stretching modes. The results allow us to disentangle the specific effects related to the valence and coordination states of the impurities, supporting a detailed interpretation of the experimental spectra.
Emmanuel Fritsch, Etienne Balan, Sabine Petit, and Farid Juillot
Eur. J. Mineral., 33, 447–462, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-447-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-447-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The study provides new insights into the OH stretching vibrations of serpentine species (lizardite, chrysotile, antigorite) encountered in veins of peridotite. A combination of infrared spectroscopy in the mid-infrared and near-infrared ranges and Raman spectroscopy enabled us to interpret most of the observed bands in the fundamental and first overtone regions of the spectra and to propose consistent spectral decomposition and assignment of the OH stretching bands for the serpentine species.
Giancarlo Capitani, Roberto Compagnoni, Roberto Cossio, Serena Botta, and Marcello Mellini
Eur. J. Mineral., 33, 425–432, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-425-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-425-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Unusually large lizardite (Lz) crystals from Monte Fico serpentinites, Elba (Mellini and Viti, 1994), have allowed several subsequent studies. During a µ-Raman study of serpentine minerals (Compagnoni et al., 2021), the careful microscopic examination of this Lz showed
spongymicrostructure. TEM observations confirmed that the Lz hosts voids, filled with chrysotile and polygonal serpentine; their mutual relationships indicate that Lz grew up with a skeletal habit and fibres epitactically.
Etienne Balan, Emmanuel Fritsch, Guillaume Radtke, Lorenzo Paulatto, Farid Juillot, and Sabine Petit
Eur. J. Mineral., 33, 389–400, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-389-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-389-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The infrared absorption spectrum of an antigorite sample, an important serpentine-group mineral, is compared to its theoretical counterpart computed at the density functional level. The model reproduces most of the observed bands, supporting their assignment to specific vibrational modes. The results provide robust interpretations of the significant differences observed between the antigorite spectrum and that of lizardite, the more symmetric serpentine variety.
Evgeniy Nikolaevich Kozlov, Ekaterina Nikolaevna Fomina, Vladimir Nikolaevich Bocharov, Mikhail Yurievich Sidorov, Natalia Sergeevna Vlasenko, and Vladimir Vladimirovich Shilovskikh
Eur. J. Mineral., 33, 283–297, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-283-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-283-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Carbonophosphates (sidorenkite, bonshtedtite, and bradleyite) with the general formula Na3MCO3PO4 (M is Mn, Fe, and Mg) are often found in inclusions of carbonatite and kimberlite minerals. This article presents the results of Raman spectroscopic study and a simple algorithm for diagnosing mineral phases of the carbonophosphate group. This work may be of interest both to researchers of carbonatites and/or kimberlites and to a wide range of specialists in the field of Raman spectroscopy.
Etienne Balan, Emmanuel Fritsch, Farid Juillot, Thierry Allard, and Sabine Petit
Eur. J. Mineral., 33, 209–220, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-209-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-209-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The OH overtone bands of kaolinite- and serpentine-group minerals observed in their near-infrared (NIR) spectra are widely used but their relation to stretching modes involving coupled OH groups is uncertain. Here, we map a molecular model of harmonically coupled anharmonic oscillators on the spectroscopic properties of 1:1 phyllosilicates. This makes it possible to interpret most of the observed bands and support the assignment of some of them to cationic substitutions in serpentines.
Etienne Balan, Lorenzo Paulatto, Jia Liu, and Jannick Ingrin
Eur. J. Mineral., 32, 505–520, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-505-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-505-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The atomic-scale geometry of hydrous defects in diopside is still imperfectly known despite their contribution to the Earth's water cycle. Their OH-stretching vibrations lead to a variety of infrared absorption bands. Low-temperature infrared spectroscopy makes it possible to resolve additional bands in the spectra of gem-quality natural samples. Theoretical results obtained at the density functional theory level support the assignment of the observed bands to specific atomic-scale models.
Nada Abdel-Hak, Bernd Wunder, Ilias Efthimiopoulos, and Monika Koch-Müller
Eur. J. Mineral., 32, 469–482, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-469-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-469-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
The structural response of the NH4+ molecule to temperature and pressure changes is studied in ammonium phengite. The symmetry of the molecule is lowered by increasing P or decreasing T; the type and mechanism of this lowered symmetry is different in both cases. Devolatilisation (NH4+ and OH loss) of ammonium phengite is studied as well. This study confirms the wide stability range of phengite and its volatiles and thus has important implications for N and H recycling into the deep Earth.
Etienne Balan
Eur. J. Mineral., 32, 457–467, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-457-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-457-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Corundum is an important oxide mineral which can contain low amounts of hydrogen-bearing structural defects. These defects are observed by infrared spectroscopy, but their atomic-scale geometry is still uncertain. Here, a theoretical approach makes it possible to relate most of the observed infrared bands to specific atomic configurations, highlighting the key role of other chemical impurities and defect clustering in the high-temperature incorporation of hydrogen in corundum.
Cited articles
Anderson, A. J., Clark, A. H., and Gray, S.: The occurrence and origin of
zabuyelite (Li2CO3) in spodumene-hosted fluid inclusions:
Implications for the internal evolution of rare-element granitic pegmatites,
Can. Mineral., 39, 1513–1527, https://doi.org/10.2113/gscanmin.39.6.1513,
2001.
Berkh, K., Rammlmair, D., Drobe, M., and Meima, J.: Case Study: Geochemistry
and Mineralogy of Copper Mine Tailings in Northern Central-Chile, ICAM, 14, 37–40, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22974-0_9, 2019.
Bouchard, R. J.: The preparation of pyrite solid solutions of the type
FexCo1−xS2, CoxNi1−xS2, and
CuxNi1−xS2, Mater. Res. Bull., 3, 563–570,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(68)90087-1, 1968.
Bralia, A., Sabatini, G., and Troja, F.: A revaluation of the
Brooker, M. H. and Wang, J.: Raman and infrared studies of lithium and
cesium carbonates, Spectrochim. Acta A.-M., 48, 999–1008,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0584-8539(92)80176-W, 1992.
Bryant, R. N., Pasteris, J. D., and Fike, D. A.: Variability in the Raman
Spectrum of Unpolished Growth and Fracture Surfaces of Pyrite Due to Laser
Heating and Crystal Orientation, Appl. Spectrosc., 72, 37–47,
https://doi.org/10.1177/0003702817736516, 2018.
Cook, N., Ciobanu, C. L., George, L., Zhu, Z.-Y., Wade, B., and Ehrig, K.:
Trace Element Analysis of Minerals in Magmatic-Hydrothermal Ores by Laser
Ablation Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: Approaches and
Opportunities, Minerals, 6, 111, https://doi.org/10.3390/min6040111, 2016.
del Real, I., Thompson, J. F. H., Simon, A. C., and Reich, M.: Geochemical
and Isotopic Signature of Pyrite as a Proxy for Fluid Source and Evolution
in the Candelaria-Punta del Cobre Iron Oxide Copper-Gold District, Chile,
Econ. Geol., 115, 1493–1518, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4765, 2020.
Feng, J., Tian, H., Huang, Y., Ding, Z., and Yin, Z.: Directional Oxidation
of Pyrite in Acid Solution, Minerals, 9, 7,
https://doi.org/10.3390/min9010007, 2019.
Ferrer, I. J., Nevskaia, D. M., de las Heras, C., and Sánchez, C.: About
the band gap nature of FeS2 as determined from optical and
photoelectrochemical measurements, Solid State Commun., 74, 913–916,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(90)90455-K, 1990.
Foucher, F., Guimbretière, G., Bost, N., and Westall, F.: Petrographical
and Mineralogical Applications of Raman Mapping, in: Raman Spectroscopy and
Applications, edited by: Maaz, K., InTechOpen publishing, 163–180,
https://doi.org/10.5772/65112, 2017.
Fujioka, Y., Frantti, J., Puretzky, A., and King, G.: Raman Study of the
Structural Distortion in the Ni1−xCoxTiO3 Solid Solution,
Inorg. Chem., 55, 9436–9444, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6b01693,
2016.
Goodwin, R., Corben, R., and Holland, L.: NI 43-101 Technical Report for the
Punitaqui Project located near Ovalle, Chile, JDS Energy & Mining Inc.,
Vancouver, 2018.
Grant, H. L. J., Hannington, M. D., Petersen, S., Frische, M., and Fuchs, S.
H.: Constraints on the behavior of trace elements in the actively-forming
TAG deposit, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, based on LA-ICP-MS analyses of pyrite,
Chem. Geol., 498, 45–71, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2018.08.019,
2018.
Hope, G. A., Woods, R., and Munce, C. G.: Raman microprobe mineral identification, Miner. Eng., 14, 1565–1577, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0892-6875(01)00175-3, 2001.
Kinner, T., Bhandari, K. P., Bastola, E., Monahan, B. M., Haugen, N. O.,
Roland, P. J., Bigioni, T. P., and Ellingson, R. J.: Majority Carrier Type
Control of Cobalt Iron Sulfide (CoxFe1−xS2) Pyrite
Nanocrystals, J. Phys. Chem. C, 120, 5706–5713,
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b11204, 2016.
Klemm, D. D.: Synthesen und Analysen in den Dreiecksdiagrammen
FeAsS–CoAsS–NiAsS und FeS2–CoS2–NiS2, Neues Jb.
Miner. Abh., 103, 205–255, https://doi.org/10.1127/njma/103/1965/205,
1965.
Kleppe, A. K. and Jephcoat, A. P.: High-pressure Raman spectroscopic studies
of FeS2 pyrite, Mineral. Mag., 68, 433–441,
https://doi.org/10.1180/0026461046830196, 2004.
Kodera, P., Murphy, P. J., and Rankin, A. H.: Retrograde mineral reactions
in saline fluid inclusions: The transformation ferropyrosmalite ?
clinopyroxene, Am. Mineral., 88, 151–158,
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2003-0118, 2003.
Kwon, S. K., Youn, S. J., and Min, B. I.: Itinerant ferromagnetism in
half-metallic CoS2, Phys. Rev. B, 62, 357–360,
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.62.357, 2000.
Libowitzky, E.: Anisotropic pyrite: A polishing effect, Phys. Chem. Miner.,
21, 97–103, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00205220, 1994.
Lutz, H. D. and Willich, P.: Gitterschwingungsspektren. IX. Pyritstruktur.
FIR-Spektren und Normalkoordinatenanalyse von MnS2, FeS2 und
NiS2, Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 405, 176–182, 1974.
Lutz, H. D. and Zwinscher, J.: Lattice dynamics of pyrite FeS2
polarizable-ion model, Phys. Chem. Miner., 23, 497–502,
https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00241999, 1996.
Macfarlane, R. M., Ushioda, S., and Blazey, K. W.: Resonant Raman scattering from FeS2 (pyrite), Solid State Commun., 14, 851–855, 1974.
Mernagh, T. P. and Liu, L.-G.: Raman spectra from the Al2SiO5
polymorphs at high pressures and room temperature, Phys. Chem. Miner., 18,
126–130, 1991.
Mernagh, T. P. and Trudu, A. G.: A laser Raman microprobe study of some
geologically important sulphide minerals, Chem. Geol., 103, 113–127,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90295-T, 1993.
Nasdala, L., Smith, D. C., Kaindl, R., and Ziemann, M. A.: Raman
spectroscopy: Analytical perspectives in mineralogical research, in:
Spectroscopic methods in mineralogy, edited by: Beran, A. and Libowitzky,
E., Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland,
https://doi.org/10.1180/EMU-notes.6.7, 2004.
Osadchii, E. and Gorbaty, Y.: Raman spectra and unit cell parameters of
sphalerite solid solutions (FexZn1−xS), Geochim. Cosmochim.
Ac., 74, 568–573, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2009.10.022, 2010.
Pačevski, A., Libowitzky, E., Živković, P. A., Dimitrijević, R., and Cvetković, L.: Copper-bearing pyrite from the Coka Marin polymetallic deposit, Serbia: Mineral inclusions or true solid solution?, Can. Mineral., 46, 249–261, https://doi.org/10.3749/canmin.46.1.249, 2008.
Pratt, J. L. and Bayliss, P.: Crystal-structure refinement of cattierite, Z.
Krist.-Cryst. Mater., 150, 163–168,
https://doi.org/10.1524/zkri.1979.150.14.163, 1979.
Sillitoe, R. H. and Thompson, J. F. H.: Intrusion–Related Vein Gold
Deposits: Types, Tectono-Magmatic Settings and Difficulties of Distinction
from Orogenic Gold Deposits, Resour. Geol., 48, 237–250,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.1998.tb00021.x, 1998.
Sourisseau, C., Cavagnat, R., and Fouassier, M.: The vibrational properties
and valence force fields of FeS2, RuS2 pyrites and FeS2
marcasite, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 52, 537–544,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3697(91)90188-6, 1991.
Ushioda, S.: Raman scattering from phonons in iron pyrite (FeS2), Solid State Commun., 10, 307–310, https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(72)90013-0, 1972.
Vogt, H., Chattopadhyay, T., and Stolz, H. J.: Complete first-order Raman
spectra of the pyrite structure compounds FeS2, MnS2 AND
SiP2, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 44, 869–873,
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3697(83)90124-5, 1983.
White, S. N.: Laser Raman spectroscopy as a technique for identification of
seafloor hydrothermal and cold seep minerals, Chem. Geol., 259, 240–252,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.11.008, 2008.
Xian, Y.-J., Wen, S.-M., Chen, X.-M., Deng, J.-S., and Liu, J.: Effect of
lattice defects on the electronic structures and floatability of pyrites,
Int. J. Min. Met. Mater., 19, 1069,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-012-0672-5, 2012.
Yuan, X. and Zheng, H.: In situ Raman spectroscopic studies of FeS2
pyrite up to 675 K and 2100 MPa using a hydrothermal diamond anvil cell,
Mineral. Mag., 79, 1–10, https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2015.079.1.01, 2015.
Zhou, L., McKenna, C. A., Long, D. G. F., and Kamber, B. S.: LA-ICP-MS
elemental mapping of pyrite: An application to the Palaeoproterozoic
atmosphere, Precambrian Res., 297, 33–55,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2017.05.008, 2017.
Zhu, Q., Cook, N. J., Xie, G., Wade, B. P., and Ciobanu, C. L.: Arsenic-induced downshift of Raman band positions for pyrite, Econ. Geol., 115, 1589–1600, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4770, 2020.
Short summary
Common energy dispersive methods cannot accurately analyze low concentrations of cobalt in pyrite due to the overlapping of cobalt and iron peaks. The Raman method, on the other hand, has been shown to be very sensitive to a trace amount of cobalt. In addition, it can be applied on a rough surface, does not require a vacuum chamber, and operates with a laser instead of X-rays. Thus, Raman has the potential to be used as an assaying tool for Co-bearing pyrite.
Common energy dispersive methods cannot accurately analyze low concentrations of cobalt in...
