Articles | Volume 34, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-411-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-411-2022
© Author(s) 2022. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
06 Oct 2022
Research article |
| 06 Oct 2022
| 06 Oct 2022
Melting relations of Ca–Mg carbonates and trace element signature of carbonate melts up to 9 GPa – a proxy for melting of carbonated mantle lithologies
Section 3.6 and 3.1, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences,
Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
present address: Mineralogy, Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
Max Wilke
Mineralogy, Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24–25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
Oona Appelt
Section 3.6 and 3.1, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences,
Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
Marcus Oelze
Section 3.6 and 3.1, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences,
Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
present address: Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung
(BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
Monika Koch-Müller
Section 3.6 and 3.1, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences,
Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
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Dirk Spengler, Monika Koch-Müller, Adam Włodek, Simon J. Cuthbert, and Jarosław Majka
Solid Earth, 16, 233–250, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-233-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-16-233-2025, 2025
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Western Norwegian “diamond facies” eclogite contains tiny mineral inclusions of quartz and amphibole lamellae that are not stable in the diamond field. Low trace amounts of water in the lamellae-bearing host minerals suggest that the inclusion microstructure was not formed by fluid infiltration but by dehydration during early exhumation of these rocks. Some samples with higher water content argue that a late fluid overprint was spatially restricted and erased evidence of extreme metamorphism.
Donna L. Whitney, Max Wilke, Sara E. Hanel, Florian Heidelbach, Olivier Mathon, and Angelika D. Rosa
Eur. J. Mineral., 37, 143–149, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-37-143-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-37-143-2025, 2025
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The Earth recycles water and other elements in a vast system that involves the oceans, minerals, magma, and the atmosphere. We studied the part of the system that involves minerals, specifically, lawsonite and epidote because they contain both water and iron. Iron in these minerals is usually assumed to be Fe3+, but we discovered an unexpected amount of Fe2+. Reactions involving different states of Fe and water in minerals affect many processes related to element cycling in the Earth.
Manuela Borchert, Maria A. Kokh, Marion Louvel, Elena F. Bazarkina, Anselm Loges, Edmund Welter, Denis Testemale, Rami Al Abed, Stephan Klemme, and Max Wilke
Eur. J. Mineral., 37, 111–130, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-37-111-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-37-111-2025, 2025
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Tungsten (W) concentrations in fluids in equilibrium with crystalline tungsten oxide are used to improve constraints of thermodynamic parameters for W solubility. W species in the hydrothermal fluids are further characterized by X-ray spectroscopy. Improved thermodynamic properties for a set of W fluid species are provided that cover a wide range of fluid compositions, necessary for understanding and describing the complex processes of W enrichment and mineralization in hydrothermal systems.
Monika Koch-Müller, Christian Lathe, Bernd Wunder, Oona Appelt, Shrikant Bhat, Andreas Ebert, Robert Farla, Vladimir Roddatis, Anja Schreiber, and Richard Wirth
Eur. J. Mineral., 36, 1023–1036, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-1023-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-1023-2024, 2024
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We examined the influence of Al2O3 and H2O on the position of the coesite–stishovite transition by means of in situ X‑ray diffraction measurements with the large-volume press at the synchrotron PETRA III in Hamburg. The position of the transition was found to be shifted almost in parallel by about 1.5 GPa to lower pressures compared to results for the pure SiO2 system by Ono et al. (2017). Stishovite of this study containing Al and H is only partially quenchable but transforms back to coesite.
Roman Botcharnikov, Max Wilke, Jan Garrevoet, Maxim Portnyagin, Kevin Klimm, Stephan Buhre, Stepan Krasheninnikov, Renat Almeev, Severine Moune, and Gerald Falkenberg
Eur. J. Mineral., 36, 195–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-195-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-195-2024, 2024
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The new spectroscopic method, based on the syncrotron radiation, allows for determination of Fe oxidation state in tiny objects or in heterogeneous samples. This technique is expected to be an important tool in geosciences unraveling redox conditions in rocks and magmas as well as in material sciences providing constraints on material properties.
Christian Lathe, Monika Koch-Müller, Bernd Wunder, Oona Appelt, Melanie Sieber, Shrikant Bhat, and Robert Farla
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 1149–1157, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-1149-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-1149-2023, 2023
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We examined the reaction phase A plus high-P clinoenstatite to forsterite plus water (Reaction 1) by means of in situ X-ray diffraction measurements with the large volume press at the synchrotron PETRA III, Hamburg. Contrary to other studies, in which all experiments on Reaction (1) were performed at a water activity of 1, the reversed experiments presented in this study were performed at reduced water activity with mole fractions of about XH2O = XCO2 = 0.5.
Christian Lathe, Monika Koch-Müller, Bernd Wunder, Oona Appelt, Shrikant Bhat, and Robert Farla
Eur. J. Mineral., 34, 201–213, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-201-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-201-2022, 2022
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The equilibrium phase of A + HP clinoenstatite = forsterite + water was experimentally investigated at aH2O = 1 in situ. In cold subducting slabs, it is of relevance to transport water to large depths, initiating the formation of dense hydrous magnesium silicate (DHMS). At normal gradients, the huge water amount from this reaction induces important processes within the overlying mantle wedge. We additionally discuss the relevance of this reaction for intermediate-depth earthquake formation.
Monika Koch-Müller, Oona Appelt, Bernd Wunder, and Richard Wirth
Eur. J. Mineral., 33, 675–686, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-675-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-675-2021, 2021
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Dense hydrous magnesium silicates, like the 3.65 Å phase, are thought to cause deep earthquakes. We investigated the dehydration of the 3.65 Å phase at P and T. In both directions of the investigated simple reaction, additional metastable water-rich phases occur. The observed extreme reduction in grain size in the dehydration experiments might cause mechanical instabilities in the Earth’s mantle and, finally, induce earthquakes.
Nicole Biedermann, Elena Bykova, Wolfgang Morgenroth, Ilias Efthimiopoulos, Jan Mueller, Georg Spiekermann, Konstantin Glazyrin, Anna Pakhomova, Karen Appel, and Max Wilke
Eur. J. Mineral., 32, 575–586, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-575-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-575-2020, 2020
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Carbonates play a key role in the chemistry and dynamics of our planet. The role of SrCO3 in the deep mantle has received little attention due to its low abundance. However, knowing the high-pressure phase behaviour of natural carbonates across its full compositional range is essential to evaluate effects of chemical substitution in the system of deep-Earth carbonates. We performed powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction up to 49 GPa and observed a phase transition in SrCO3 at around 26 GPa.
Nada Abdel-Hak, Bernd Wunder, Ilias Efthimiopoulos, and Monika Koch-Müller
Eur. J. Mineral., 32, 469–482, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-469-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-469-2020, 2020
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The structural response of the NH4+ molecule to temperature and pressure changes is studied in ammonium phengite. The symmetry of the molecule is lowered by increasing P or decreasing T; the type and mechanism of this lowered symmetry is different in both cases. Devolatilisation (NH4+ and OH loss) of ammonium phengite is studied as well. This study confirms the wide stability range of phengite and its volatiles and thus has important implications for N and H recycling into the deep Earth.
Related subject area
Experimental petrology
A reliable analytical procedure to determine the carbon isotopic signature of CO2-bearing COH fluids generated in petrological experiments
Crystal structure and elastic properties of parabreyite: a new high-pressure ring silicate in the CaSiO3 system
Li diffusion in plagioclase crystals and glasses – implications for timescales of geological processes
Experimental petrology constraints on kamafugitic magmas
Chrome incorporation in high-pressure Fe–Mg oxides
Magma storage conditions of Lascar andesites, central volcanic zone, Chile
Chemical interdiffusion between Na-series tephritic and phonolitic melts with different H2O content, temperature, and oxygen fugacity values
Re-equilibration of quartz inclusions in garnet
H2 mobility and redox control in open vs. closed hydrothermal oceanic systems – evidence from serpentinization experiments
A brief history of solid inclusion piezobarometry
Li–Na interdiffusion and diffusion-driven lithium isotope fractionation in pegmatitic melts
Depth profile analyses by femtosecond laser ablation (multicollector) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for resolving chemical and isotopic gradients in minerals
A revised model for activity–composition relations in solid and molten FePt alloys and a preliminary model for characterization of oxygen fugacity in high-pressure experiments
Elasticity of mixtures and implications for piezobarometry of mixed-phase inclusions
In situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction of olivine inclusion in diamond from Shandong, China: implications for the depth of diamond formation
One-atmosphere high-temperature CO–CO2–SO2 gas-mixing furnace: design, operation, and applications
CO2 diffusion in dry and hydrous leucititic melt
High-pressure homogenization of olivine-hosted CO2-rich melt inclusions in a piston cylinder: insight into the volatile content of primary mantle melts
Carbon-saturated COH fluids in the upper mantle: a review of high-pressure and high-temperature ex situ experiments
The influence of oxygen fugacity and chlorine on amphibole–liquid trace element partitioning at upper-mantle conditions
Effect of chlorine on water incorporation in magmatic amphibole: experimental constraints with a micro-Raman spectroscopy approach
A combined Fourier transform infrared and Cr K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy study of the substitution and diffusion of H in Cr-doped forsterite
Grain boundary diffusion and its relation to segregation of multiple elements in yttrium aluminum garnet
Melting relations of anhydrous olivine-free pyroxenite Px1 at 2 GPa
Breyite inclusions in diamond: experimental evidence for possible dual origin
Luca Toffolo, Luca Minopoli, Elena Ferrari, and Simone Tumiati
Eur. J. Mineral., 37, 25–37, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-37-25-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-37-25-2025, 2025
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This study introduces an innovative method to analyze carbon isotopes in tiny amounts of CO2 produced during experiments that simulate conditions deep within the Earth. Using advanced tools, we measured both the composition and isotopic signature of CO2 in carbon-bearing fluids. This enables new studies of carbon exchange between rocks and fluids under extreme conditions, offering new insights into processes driving the deep carbon cycle and, ultimately, controlling the climate of our planet.
Benedetta Chrappan Soldavini, Marco Merlini, Mauro Gemmi, Paola Parlanti, Patrizia Fumagalli, Sula Milani, Boby Joseph, Giorgio Bais, Maurizio Polentarutti, Alexander Kurnosov, and Stefano Poli
Eur. J. Mineral., 37, 13–24, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-37-13-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-37-13-2025, 2025
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The CaSiO3 system exhibits structural complexity with various polymorphs under different pressure and temperature conditions. This study stabilizes a new high-pressure polymorph, parabreyite, via multianvil syntheses at 4–5 GPa and 600–800 °C. Parabreyite's triclinic structure, with distinct threefold tetrahedral rings, was solved using 3D electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction. Elastic properties, thermal expansion and Raman spectra differences with breyite were analyzed.
Florian Pohl, Harald Behrens, Martin Oeser, Felix Marxer, and Ralf Dohmen
Eur. J. Mineral., 36, 985–1003, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-985-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-985-2024, 2024
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The growing interest in lithium (Li) diffusion for the determination of timescales of magmatic events increases the necessity to better understand Li diffusion in common mineral phases. In this context we analyzed Li diffusion in plagioclase, one of the most common mineral phases. Our study is the first to confirm two diffusion mechanisms for Li in plagioclase, and our results indicate timescales derived from Li diffusion data in previous studies were underestimated by a factor of up to 100.
Francesca Innocenzi, Isra S. Ezad, Sara Ronca, Samuele Agostini, Michele Lustrino, and Stephen F. Foley
Eur. J. Mineral., 36, 899–916, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-899-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-899-2024, 2024
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Kamafugites are rare ultrabasic/basic K2O-rich rocks. High-pressure–high-temperature experiments on four samples from the known type localities (Italy, Brazil, Uganda) constrained their melting assemblage, unlike a classical peridotite. Clinopyroxene and phlogopite are the first near-liquidus phases. Olivine appears in two runs. The different abundances of the main phases and the variable contribution of apatite, oxides and titanite explain the variegated kamafugite geochemical features.
Alan B. Woodland, Katrin Schumann, Laura Uenver-Thiele, Kevin Rosbach, Tiziana Boffa Ballaran, Caterina Melai, and Elena Bykova
Eur. J. Mineral., 36, 845–862, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-845-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-845-2024, 2024
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We experimentally investigated the behavior of chrome in high-pressure post-spinel oxide phases. Only minor amounts of Cr can be incorporated into Fe5O6. But there is full solid solution between Fe4O5 and Fe2Cr2O5 and Mg2Fe2O5 and Mg2Cr2O5, in spite of a phase transition occurring in the middle of the compositional range. Our results provide further constraints on the formation of such oxide phases in extraterrestrial materials and inclusions in natural diamonds.
André Stechern, Magdalena Blum-Oeste, Roman E. Botcharnikov, François Holtz, and Gerhard Wörner
Eur. J. Mineral., 36, 721–748, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-721-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-721-2024, 2024
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Lascar volcano, located in northern Chile, is among the most active volcanoes of the Andes. Its activity culminated in the last major explosive eruption in April 1993. We carried out experiments at high temperatures (up to 1050 °C) and pressures (up to 5000 bar) in the lab, and we used a wide variety of geochemical methods to provide comprehensive constraints on the depth and temperature of the magma chamber beneath Lascar volcano.
Diego González-García, Florian Pohl, Felix Marxer, Stepan Krasheninnikov, Renat Almeev, and François Holtz
Eur. J. Mineral., 36, 623–640, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-623-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-623-2024, 2024
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We studied the exchange of chemical elements by diffusion between magmas of tephritic and phonolitic composition from the Canary Islands, performing experiments at high pressure and high temperature with different amounts of added water. Our results characterize the way water and temperature affect the diffusion process, and we also find unexpectedly high mobility of aluminium, which may be related to its variable chemical bonding in highly alkaline melts.
Benjamin A. Pummell and Jay B. Thomas
Eur. J. Mineral., 36, 581–597, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-581-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-581-2024, 2024
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Mechanical interaction between quartz inclusions in garnet creates residual pressure in the inclusion used to calculate the pressure and temperature where the two minerals formed. We crystallised quartz and garnet at high pressure and temperature and then adjusted the experimental pressure to observe the interaction between the quartz inclusions and garnet host. The quartz and garnet adjust to the new experimental pressures, reset inclusion pressures, and no longer match entrapment conditions.
Colin Fauguerolles, Teddy Castelain, Johan Villeneuve, and Michel Pichavant
Eur. J. Mineral., 36, 555–579, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-555-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-555-2024, 2024
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To explore the influence of the redox state of the environment on the serpentinization reaction, we have developed an original experimental setup. Reducing conditions, leading to the formation of serpentine and magnetite, and oxidizing conditions, leading to the formation of serpentine and hematite, are discussed in terms of analogues of low- and high-permeability hydrothermal systems, respectively. The influence of the redox on brucite stability and hydrogen production is also established.
Ross J. Angel, Matteo Alvaro, and Silvio Ferrero
Eur. J. Mineral., 36, 411–415, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-411-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-411-2024, 2024
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Inclusions in natural rocks are an invaluable asset for geoscientists because they provide information about processes in the Earth's history that are otherwise hidden or subsequently overprinted. In this paper we review the development over the last 200 years of the concepts and methods to measure the remnant pressures in mineral inclusions and how they can be used to determine pressures and temperatures at which the inclusions were formed deep within the Earth.
Christian R. Singer, Harald Behrens, Ingo Horn, Martin Oeser, Ralf Dohmen, and Stefan Weyer
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 1009–1026, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-1009-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-1009-2023, 2023
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Li is a critical element that is often enriched in pegmatites. To better understand the enrichment of Li in such systems, it is necessary to understand the underlying transport mechanisms. We performed experiments to investigate diffusion rates and exchange mechanisms of Li between a Li-rich and a Li-poor melt at high temperature and pressure. Our results indicate that fluxing elements do not increase the diffusivity of Li compared to a flux-free melt.
Martin Oeser, Ingo Horn, Ralf Dohmen, and Stefan Weyer
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 813–830, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-813-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-813-2023, 2023
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This study presents a new method designed to analyze micrometer-scale chemical and isotopic profiles in minerals, glasses, and other solids. The employed technique combines plasma mass spectrometers and a state-of-the-art femtosecond laser equipped with open-source software (LinuxCNC) that controls the movement of the laser beam. It allows for equably drilling into the sample surface, e.g., in order to measure chemically or isotopically zoned or heterogeneous materials at micrometer scales.
Marc M. Hirschmann and Hongluo L. Zhang
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 789–803, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-789-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-789-2023, 2023
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We calibrate new models for the properties of solid and liquid FePt alloy. FePt alloy is used in experiments investigating the origin, differentiation, and evolution of planets to characterize oxygen fugacity. The new models facilitate use of FePt for more extreme conditions than has been possible previously. We also describe shortcomings in the present knowledge of FePt alloy properties and highlight strategies that could improve such knowledge.
Ross J. Angel, Mattia L. Mazzucchelli, Kira A. Musiyachenko, Fabrizio Nestola, and Matteo Alvaro
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 461–478, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-461-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-461-2023, 2023
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We have developed the thermodynamic theory of the properties of inclusions consisting of more than one phase, including inclusions containing solids plus a fluid. We present a software utility that enables for the first time the entrapment conditions of multiphase inclusions to be determined from the measurement of their internal pressure when that is measured in a laboratory.
Yanjuan Wang, Fabrizio Nestola, Huaikun Li, Zengqian Hou, Martha G. Pamato, Davide Novella, Alessandra Lorenzetti, Pia Antonietta Antignani, Paolo Cornale, Jacopo Nava, Guochen Dong, and Kai Qu
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 361–372, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-361-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-361-2023, 2023
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In this work we have applied the elastic geobarometry approach to a Chinese diamond in order to determine the depth of formation of an olivine-bearing diamond. Together with the temperature of residence at which the diamond resided in the mantle, we were able to discover that the diamond was formed at about 190 km depth. Beyond the geological meaning of our results, this work could be a reference paper for future works on Chinese diamonds using elastic geobarometry.
Shashank Prabha-Mohan, Kenneth T. Koga, Antoine Mathieu, Franck Pointud, and Diego F. Narvaez
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 321–331, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-321-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-321-2023, 2023
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This work presents an in-depth description of a new design for a high-temperature gas-mixing furnace using a mixture of CO–CO2–SO2. It has been designed and built with user safety in mind. The furnace can sustain temperatures of up to 1650 °C. This furnace sets itself apart with its size and unique quench mechanism. Crucially, the apparatus has the ability to change the gas mixture during an experiment. This feature allows the user to simulate natural environments, such as volcanoes.
Lennart Koch and Burkhard C. Schmidt
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 117–132, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-117-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-117-2023, 2023
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Volatile diffusivities in silicate melts control the nucleation and growth of bubbles in ascending magma. We investigated the diffusion of CO2 in an anhydrous and hydrous leucititic melt at high temperatures and high pressure. CO2 diffusion profiles were measured via attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. CO2 diffusion increases with increasing temperature and water content. The data can be used to understand the CO2 degassing behaviour of leucititic melts.
Roxane Buso, Didier Laporte, Federica Schiavi, Nicolas Cluzel, and Claire Fonquernie
Eur. J. Mineral., 34, 325–349, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-325-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-325-2022, 2022
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Magmas transport large amounts of CO2 from Earth's mantle into the atmosphere and thus contribute significantly to the global carbon cycle. We have developed an experimental method to homogenize at high pressure small liquid droplets trapped in magmatic crystals to gain access to the initial composition of the parental magma (major and volatile elements). With this technique, we show that magmas produced by melting of the subcontinental mantle contain several weight percent of CO2.
Carla Tiraboschi, Francesca Miozzi, and Simone Tumiati
Eur. J. Mineral., 34, 59–75, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-59-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-59-2022, 2022
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This review provides an overview of ex situ carbon-saturated COH fluid experiments at upper-mantle conditions. Several authors experimentally investigated the effect of COH fluids. However, fluid composition is rarely tackled as a quantitative issue, and rather infrequently fluids are analyzed as the associated solid phases in the experimental assemblage. Recently, improved techniques have been proposed for analyses of COH fluids, leading to significant advancement in fluid characterization.
Enrico Cannaò, Massimo Tiepolo, Giulio Borghini, Antonio Langone, and Patrizia Fumagalli
Eur. J. Mineral., 34, 35–57, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-35-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-35-2022, 2022
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Amphibole–liquid partitioning of elements of geological relevance is experimentally derived at conditions compatible with those of the Earth's upper mantle. Experiments are carried out at different oxygen fugacity conditions and variable Cl content in order to investigate their influence on the amphibole–liquid partition coefficients. Our results point to the capability of amphibole to act as filter for trace elements at upper-mantle conditions, oxidized conditions, and Cl-rich environments.
Enrico Cannaò, Federica Schiavi, Giulia Casiraghi, Massimo Tiepolo, and Patrizia Fumagalli
Eur. J. Mineral., 34, 19–34, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-19-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-19-2022, 2022
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Detailed knowledge of the mechanisms ruling water incorporation in amphibole is essential to understand how much water can be fixed at upper-mantle conditions by this mineral. We provide the experimental evidence of the Cl effect on the oxo-substitution and the incorporation of water in amphibole. Finally, we highlight the versatility of confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy as an analytical tool to quantify water in amphibole.
Michael C. Jollands, Hugh St.C. O'Neill, Andrew J. Berry, Charles Le Losq, Camille Rivard, and Jörg Hermann
Eur. J. Mineral., 33, 113–138, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-113-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-113-2021, 2021
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How, and how fast, does hydrogen move through crystals? We consider this question by adding hydrogen, by diffusion, to synthetic crystals of olivine doped with trace amounts of chromium. Even in a highly simplified system, the behaviour of hydrogen is complex. Hydrogen can move into and through the crystal using various pathways (different defects within the crystal) and hop between these pathways too.
Joana Polednia, Ralf Dohmen, and Katharina Marquardt
Eur. J. Mineral., 32, 675–696, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-675-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-675-2020, 2020
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Grain boundary diffusion is orders of magnitude faster compared to volume diffusion. We studied this fast transport process in a well-defined garnet grain boundary. State-of-the-art microscopy was used for quantification. A dedicated numerical diffusion model shows that iron diffusion requires the operation of two diffusion modes, one fast, one slow. We conclude that impurity bulk diffusion in garnet aggregates is always dominated by grain boundary diffusion.
Giulio Borghini and Patrizia Fumagalli
Eur. J. Mineral., 32, 251–264, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-251-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-251-2020, 2020
Alan B. Woodland, Andrei V. Girnis, Vadim K. Bulatov, Gerhard P. Brey, and Heidi E. Höfer
Eur. J. Mineral., 32, 171–185, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-171-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-171-2020, 2020
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We experimentally explored direct entrapment of breyite (CaSiO3) by diamond at upper-mantle conditions in a model subducted sediment rather than formation by retrogression of CaSiO3 perovskite, implying a deeper origin. Anhydrous low-T melting of CaCO3+SiO2 precludes breyite formation. Under hydrous conditions, reduction of melt results in graphite with breyite. Thus, breyite inclusions in natural diamond may form from aragonite + coesite or carbonate melt at 6–8 GPa via reduction with water.
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Short summary
Carbonates reduce the melting point of the mantle, and carbonate melts produced in low-degree melting of a carbonated mantle are considered the precursor of CO2-rich magmas. We established experimentally the melting relations of carbonates up to 9 GPa, showing that Mg-carbonates melt incongruently to periclase and carbonate melt. The trace element signature of carbonate melts parental to kimberlites is approached by melting of Mg-rich carbonates.
Carbonates reduce the melting point of the mantle, and carbonate melts produced in low-degree...
