Articles | Volume 33, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-233-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-233-2021
© Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
29 Apr 2021
Research article |
| 29 Apr 2021
| 29 Apr 2021
New evidence for upper Permian crustal growth below Eifel, Germany, from mafic granulite xenoliths
Cliff S. J. Shaw
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Department of Earth Sciences, University of New Brunswick, 2 Bailey Drive, Fredericton, E3B 5A3, New Brunswick, Canada
Related subject area
Igneous petrology
Magmatic to solid-state evolution of a shallow emplaced agpaitic tinguaite (the Suc de Sara dyke, Velay volcanic province, France): implications for peralkaline melt segregation and extraction in ascending magmas
Granite magmatism and mantle filiation
Inclusions in magmatic zircon from Slavonian mountains (eastern Croatia): anatase, kumdykolite and kokchetavite and implications for the magmatic evolution
Confocal μ-XANES as a tool to analyze Fe oxidation state in heterogeneous samples: the case of melt inclusions in olivine from the Hekla volcano
Constraining the volatile evolution of mafic melts at Mt. Somma–Vesuvius, Italy, based on the composition of reheated melt inclusions and their olivine hosts
Contrasting appinites, vaugnerites and related granitoids from the NW Iberian Massif: insight into mantle and crustal sources
Reactive interaction between migmatite-related melt and mafic rocks: clues from the Variscan lower crust of Palmi (southwestern Calabria, Italy)
ICDP Oman Drilling Project: varitextured gabbros from the dike–gabbro transition within drill core GT3A
A snapshot of the transition from monogenetic volcanoes to composite volcanoes: case study on the Wulanhada Volcanic Field (northern China)
40Ar/39Ar dating of a hydrothermal pegmatitic buddingtonite–muscovite assemblage from Volyn, Ukraine
Geochronology of granites of the western Korosten AMCG complex (Ukrainian Shield): implications for the emplacement history and origin of miarolitic pegmatites
A new clinopyroxene thermobarometer for mafic to intermediate magmatic systems
Quantification of major and trace elements in fluid inclusions and gas bubbles by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) with no internal standard: a new method
Contaminating melt flow in magmatic peridotites from the lower continental crust (Rocca d'Argimonia sequence, Ivrea–Verbano Zone)
Thomas Pereira, Laurent Arbaret, Juan Andújar, Mickaël Laumonier, Monica Spagnoli, Charles Gumiaux, Gautier Laurent, Aneta Slodczyk, and Ida Di Carlo
Eur. J. Mineral., 36, 491–524, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-491-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-491-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
This work presents the results on deformation-enhanced melt segregation and extraction in a phonolitic magma emplaced at shallow depth in the Velay volcanic province (France). We provide evidence of the segregation and subsequent extraction of the residual melt during magma ascent and final emplacement. We highlight that melt segregation started by compaction as a loose packing of microlites emerged and continued with melt filling of a shear band network.
Michel Pichavant, Arnaud Villaros, Julie A.-S. Michaud, and Bruno Scaillet
Eur. J. Mineral., 36, 225–246, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-225-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-225-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Models for the generation of silicic magmas are divided into two groups: intra-crustal melting and basaltic origin. Peraluminous felsic leucogranites are considered as the only granite examples showing no mantle input. This interpretation is re-evaluated, and we show that leucogranites, as most other crustal granite types, can have a mantle filiation. This stresses the critical importance of the mantle for granite generation and opens the way for unification of silicic magma generation models.
Petra Schneider and Dražen Balen
Eur. J. Mineral., 36, 209–223, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-209-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-209-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The acid igneous rocks of eastern Croatia related to the Late Cretaceous closure of the Neotethys Ocean contain zircon as a main accessory mineral. Among others, zircon has inclusions of anatase, hematite and melt (nanogranitoids) with kokchetavite and kumdykolite. The first finding here of kokchetavite and kumdykolite in a magmatic nanogranitoid proves that these are not exclusively ultra-high pressure phases. The detected inclusions indicate rapid uplift and cooling of the oxidised magma.
Roman Botcharnikov, Max Wilke, Jan Garrevoet, Maxim Portnyagin, Kevin Klimm, Stephan Buhre, Stepan Krasheninnikov, Renat Almeev, Severine Moune, and Gerald Falkenberg
Eur. J. Mineral., 36, 195–208, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-195-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-36-195-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
The new spectroscopic method, based on the syncrotron radiation, allows for determination of Fe oxidation state in tiny objects or in heterogeneous samples. This technique is expected to be an important tool in geosciences unraveling redox conditions in rocks and magmas as well as in material sciences providing constraints on material properties.
Rosario Esposito, Daniele Redi, Leonid V. Danyushevsky, Andrey Gurenko, Benedetto De Vivo, Craig E. Manning, Robert J. Bodnar, Matthew Steele-MacInnis, and Maria-Luce Frezzotti
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 921–948, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-921-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-921-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Despite many articles published about eruptions at Mt. Somma–Vesuvius (SV), the volatile contents of magmas associated with mafic (quasi-primitive) melts were not directly analyzed for many eruptions based on melt inclusions (MIs). We suggest that several high-Fo olivines formed at depths greater than those of the carbonate platform based on MI chemical composition. We also estimated that 347 to 686 t d-1 of magmatic CO2 exsolved from SV magmas during the last 3 centuries of volcanic activity.
Gumer Galán, Gloria Gallastegui, Andrés Cuesta, Guillermo Corretgé, Ofelia Suárez, and Luis González-Menéndez
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 845–871, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-845-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-845-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Two examples of granites in the Variscan Iberian Massif were studied because they are associated with mafic rocks (appinites and vaugnerites), which raise the question of the role of mantle magma in the formation of granitic rocks. We conclude that appinites and vaugnerites derived from melting of different mantle sources, both previously modified by interaction with crustal materials. Subsequent differentiation of appinites and vaugnerites was influenced by contamination with coeval granites.
Maria Rosaria Renna
Eur. J. Mineral., 35, 1–24, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-1-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-35-1-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Distribution of major and trace elements during anatexis at the source area was investigated in a portion of Variscan mid–lower crust exposed at Palmi (Calabria, Italy). Reactive migration of migmatitic melt imparted a mineralogical and chemical signature in mafic rocks associated with migmatites and promoted the crystallization of amphibole by a coupled dissolution–precipitation process. Amphibole and accessory allanite control the distribution of incompatible elements from the anatectic zone.
Artur Engelhardt, Jürgen Koepke, Chao Zhang, Dieter Garbe-Schönberg, and Ana Patrícia Jesus
Eur. J. Mineral., 34, 603–626, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-603-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-603-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a detailed petrographic, microanalytical and bulk-chemical investigation of 36 mafic rocks from drill hole GT3A from the dike–gabbro transition zone. These varitextured gabbros are regarded as the frozen fillings of axial melt lenses. The oxide gabbros could be regarded as frozen melts, whereas the majority of the rocks, comprising olivine-bearing gabbros and gabbros, show a distinct cumulate character. Also, we present a formation scenario for the varitextured gabbros.
Diao Luo, Marc K. Reichow, Tong Hou, M. Santosh, Zhaochong Zhang, Meng Wang, Jingyi Qin, Daoming Yang, Ronghao Pan, Xudong Wang, François Holtz, and Roman Botcharnikov
Eur. J. Mineral., 34, 469–491, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-469-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-469-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanoes on Earth are divided into monogenetic and composite volcanoes based on edifice shape. Currently the evolution from monogenetic to composite volcanoes is poorly understood. There are two distinct magma chambers, with a deeper region at the Moho and a shallow mid-crustal zone in the Wulanhada Volcanic Field. The crustal magma chamber represents a snapshot of transition from monogenetic to composite volcanoes, which experience more complex magma processes than magma stored in the Moho.
Gerhard Franz, Masafumi Sudo, and Vladimir Khomenko
Eur. J. Mineral., 34, 7–18, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-7-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-7-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The age of formation of buddingtonite, ammonium-bearing feldspar, can be dated with the Ar–Ar method; however, it may often give only minimum ages due to strong resetting. In the studied example it gives a Precambrian minimum age of fossils, associated with this occurrence, and the age of the accompanying mineral muscovite indicates an age near 1.5 Ga. We encourage more dating attempts of buddingtonite, which will give valuable information of diagenetic or hydrothermal events.
Leonid Shumlyanskyy, Gerhard Franz, Sarah Glynn, Oleksandr Mytrokhyn, Dmytro Voznyak, and Olena Bilan
Eur. J. Mineral., 33, 703–716, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-703-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-703-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In the paper we discuss the origin of large chamber pegmatite bodies which contain giant gem-quality crystals of black quartz (morion), beryl, and topaz. We conclude that these pegmatites develop under the influence of later intrusions of mafic rocks that cause reheating of the partly crystallized granite massifs and that they supply a large amount of fluids that facilitate the
inflationof pegmatite chambers and crystallization of giant crystals of various minerals.
Xudong Wang, Tong Hou, Meng Wang, Chao Zhang, Zhaochong Zhang, Ronghao Pan, Felix Marxer, and Hongluo Zhang
Eur. J. Mineral., 33, 621–637, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-621-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-621-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper we calibrate a new empirical clinopyroxene-only thermobarometer based on new models. The new models show satisfying performance in both calibration and the test dataset compared with previous thermobarometers. Our new thermobarometer has been tested on natural clinopyroxenes in the Icelandic eruptions. The results show good agreement with experiments. Hence, it can be widely used to elucidate magma storage conditions.
Anastassia Y. Borisova, Stefano Salvi, German Velasquez, Guillaume Estrade, Aurelia Colin, and Sophie Gouy
Eur. J. Mineral., 33, 305–314, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-305-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-33-305-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a new method for quantifying elemental concentrations in natural and synthetic fluid inclusions and gas bubbles using a laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) method with no internal standard. The method may be applied to estimate trace (metal and metalloid) elemental concentrations in hydrous carbonic (C–O–H) fluid inclusions and bubbles with uncertainty below 25 %.
Marta Antonicelli, Riccardo Tribuzio, Tong Liu, and Fu-Yuan Wu
Eur. J. Mineral., 32, 587–612, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-587-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/ejm-32-587-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We present a petrological–geochemical investigation of peridotites of magmatic origin from the Ivrea–Verbano Zone (Italian Alps), a large-scale section of lower continental crust. The main purpose is to provide new insights into the processes governing the evolution of primitive mantle magmas. We propose that studied peridotites were formed by reaction of a melt-poor olivine-rich crystal mush, or a pre-existing peridotite, with upward-migrating melts possessing a substantial crustal component.
Cited articles
Aleinikoff, J. N., Wintsch, R. P., Tollo, R. P., Unruh, D. M., Fanning, C.
M., and Schmitz, M. D.: Ages and origins of rocks of the Killingworth dome,
south-central Connecticut: Implications for the tectonic evolution of
southern New England, Amer. J. Sci., 307, 63–118, 2007.
Benek, R., Kramer, W., McCann, T., Scheck, M., Negendank, J. F. W., Korich,
D., Huebscher, H. D., and Bayer, U.: Permo-Carboniferous magmatism of the
Northeast German Basin, Tectonophysics, 266, 379–404, 1996
Berger, J., Féménias, O., Coussaert, N., Mercier, J.-C. C., and
Demaiffe, D.: Cumulating processes at the crust-mantle transition zone
inferred from Permian mafic-ultramafic xenoliths (Puy Beaunit, France),
Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 153, 557–575, 2007.
Berman, R. G., Brown, T. H., and Greenwood, H. J.: An internally consistent
thermodynamic database for minerals in the system
Na2O-K2O-CaO-MgO-FeO-Fe2O3-Al2O3-SiO2-TiO2-H2O-CO2,
Atomic Energy of Canada, Technical Report 377, Pinawa, Manitoba, 1985.
Büchel, G.: Vulkanologische Karte West- und Hocheifel,
Landesvermessungsamt Rheinland-Pfalz, 1991.
Büchel, G. and Mertes, H.: Die Eruptionszentren des Westeifeler
Vulkanfeldes, Z. Dtsch. Geol. Gesell., 133, 409–429, 1982.
Canil, D. and Fedortchouk, Y.: Garnet dissolution and the emplacement of
kimberlites, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 167, 227–237, 1999.
Chew, D. M., Petrus, J. A., and Kamber, B. S.: U–Pb LA–ICPMS dating using
accessory mineral standards with variable common Pb, Chem. Geol., 363,
185–199, 2014.
de Capitani, C. and Brown, T. H.: The computation of chemical equilibrium in
complex systems containing non-ideal solutions, Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac.,
51, 2639–2652, 1987.
de Capitani, C. and Petrakakis, K.: The computation of equilibrium
assemblage diagrams with Theriak/Domino software, Amer. Miner., 95,
1006–1016, 2010.
Dégi, J., Abart, R., Török, K., Bali, E., Wirth, R., and Rhede, D.: Symplectite formation during decompression induced garnet breakdown in lower crustal mafic granulite xenoliths: mechanisms and rates, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 159, 293–314, 2010.
Dèzes, P., Schmid, S., and Ziegler, P.: Evolution of the European
Cenozoic Rift System: interaction of the Alpine and Pyrenean orogens with
their foreland lithosphere, Tectonophysics, 389, 1–33, 2004.
Ernst, W. G. and Liou, J. G.: High- and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism:
Past results and future prospects, Amer. Miner., 93, 1771–1786, 2008.
Faak, K., Chakraborty, S., and Coogan, L. A.: Mg in plagioclase:
Experimental calibration of a new geothermometer and diffusion coefficients,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Ac., 123, 195–217, 2013.
Faryad, S. W., Jedlicka, R., Hauzenberger, C., and Racek, M.: High-pressure
crystallization vs. recrystallization origin of garnet pyroxenite-eclogite
within subduction related lithologies, Mineral. Petrol., 112, 603–616, 2018.
Fekiacova, Z., Mertz, D. F., and Renne, P. R.: Geodynamic Setting of the
Tertiary Hocheifel Volcanism (Germany), Part I: 40Ar/39Ar
geochronology, in: Mantle Plumes: A Multidisciplinary Approach, edited by:
Ritter, J. R. R. and Christensen, U. R., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg,
185–206, 2007.
Féménias, O., Coussaert, N., Bingen, B., Whitehouse, M., Mercier,
J.-C. C., and Demaiffe, D.: A Permian underplating event in late- to
post-orogenic tectonic setting. Evidence from the mafic–ultramafic layered
xenoliths from Beaunit (French Massif Central), Chem. Geol., 199, 293–315,
2003.
Frost, B. R., Chamberlain, K. R., and Schumacher, J. C.: Sphene (titanite):
phase relations and role as a geochronometer, Chem. Geol., 172, 131–148,
2001.
Green, D. H. and Ringwood, A. E.: The Genesis of basaltic magmas, Contrib.
Mineral. Petrol., 15, 103–190, 1967.
Hajdas, I., Zolitschka, B., Ivy-Ochs, S. D., Beer, J., Bonani, G., Leroy, S.
A. G., Negendank, J. W., Ramrath, M., and Suter, M.: AMS radiocarbon dating
of annually laminated sediments from lake Holzmaar, Germany, Quaternary Sci.
Rev., 14, 137–143, 1995.
Harley, S. L.: The origins of granulites: a metamorphic perspective, Geol.
Mag., 126, 215–247, 1989.
Hartnady, M. I. H., Kirkland, C. L., Clark, C., Spaggiari, C. V., Smithies,
R. H., Evans, N. J., and McDonald, B. J.: Titanite dates crystallization:
Slow Pb diffusion during super-solidus re-equilibration, J. Metamorph.
Geol., 37, 823–838, 2019.
Hayden, L. A., Watson, E. B., and Wark, D. A.: A thermobarometer for sphene
(titanite), Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 155, 529–540, 2008.
Hirschmann, M. M., Renne, P. R., and McBirney, A. R.: 40Ar/39Ar
dating of the Skaergaard intrusion, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 146, 645–658,
1997.
Illies, J. H., Prodehl, C., Schmincke, H.-U., and Semmel, A.: The Quaternary
uplift of the Rhenish shield in Germany, Tectonophysics, 61, 197–225, 1979.
Keyser, M., Ritter, J. R. R., and Jordan, M.: 3D shear-wave velocity
structure of the Eifel plume, Germany, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 203, 59–82,
2002.
Kramers, J. D. and Tolstikhin, I. N.: Two terrestrial lead isotope
paradoxes, forward transport modelling, core formation and the history of
the continental crust, Chem. Geol., 139, 75–110, 1997.
Lloyd, F. E. and Bailey, D. K.: Light element metasomatism of the
continental mantle: The evidence and the consequences, Phys. Chem. Earth, 9,
389–416, 1975.
Loock, G., Stosch, H.-G., and Seck, H. A.: Granulite facies lower crustal
xenoliths from the Eifel, West Germany: petrological and geochemical
aspects, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 105, 24–41, 1990.
Marzoli, A., Jourdan, F., Bussy, F., Chiaradia, M., and Costa, F.:
Petrogenesis of tholeiitic basalts from the Central Atlantic magmatic
province as revealed by mineral major and trace elements and Sr isotopes,
Lithos, 188, 44–59, 2014.
Mengel, K., Sachs, P. M., Stosch, H. G., Wörner, G., and Loock, G.:
Crustal xenoliths from Cenozoic volcanic field of West Germany: Implications
for structure and composition of the continental crus, Tectonophysics, 195,
271–289, 1991.
Mertes, H.: Aufbau und Genese des Westeifeler Vulkanfeldes, Bochumer
Geologische und Geotechnische Arbeiten, thesis, 9, 415 pp., 1983.
Mertes, H. and Schmincke, H.-U.: Age Distribution of Volcanoes in the
West-Eifel, Neu. Jb. Geol. Paläont., Abh., 166, 260–293, 1983.
Mertes, H. and Schmincke, H.-U.: Mafic potassic lavas of the Quaternary West
Eifel volcanic field, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 89, 330–345, 1985.
Mertz, D. F., Loehnertz, W., Nomade, S., Pereira, A., Prelevic, D., and
Renne, P.: Temporal–spatial evolution of low-SiO2 volcanism in the
Pleistocene West Eifel volcanic field (West Germany) and relationship to
upwelling asthenosphere, J. Geodyn., 88, 59–79, 2015.
Meyer, W.: Geologie der Eifel, E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung,
Stuttgart, 1994.
Nowell, D., Jones, M., and Pyle, D.: Episodic Quaternary volcanism in France
and Germany, J. Quat. Sci., 21, 645–675, 2006.
Obata, M., Ohi, S., and Miyake, A.: Experimental synthesis of isochemical
kelyphite – a preliminary report, J. Mineral. Petrol. Sci., 109, 91–96,
2014.
O'Brien, P. J. and Rötzler, J.: High-pressure granulites: formation,
recovery of peak conditions and implications for tectonics, J. Metamorph.
Geol., 21, 3–20, 2003.
Okrusch, M., Schroder, B., and Schnutgen, A.: Granulite-facies metabasite
ejecta in the Laacher See area, Eifel, West Germany, Lithos, 12, 251–270,
1979.
Paton, C., Hellstrom, J., Paul, B., Woodhead, J., and Hergt, J.: Iolite:
Freeware for the visualisation and processing of mass spectrometric data, J.
Anal. Atomic Spect., 26, 2508–2518, 2011.
Pearce, N., Perkins, W., Westgate, J., Gorton, M., Jackson, S., Neal, C.,
and Chenery, S.: A compilation of new and published major and trace element
data for NIST SRM 610 and NIST SRM 612 glass reference materials, Geostand.
News., 21, 115–144, 1997.
Petford, N. and Gallagher, K.: Partial melting of mafic (amphibolitic) lower
crust by periodic influx of basaltic magma, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 193,
483–499, 2001.
Pozsgai, E., Józsa, S., Dunkl, I., Sebe, K., Thamó-Bozsó, E.,
Sajó, I., Dezső, J., and von Eynatten, H.: Provenance of the Upper
Triassic siliciclastics of the Mecsek Mountains and Villány Hills
(Pannonian Basin, Hungary): constraints to the Early Mesozoic paleogeography
of the Tisza Megaunit, Int. J. Earth. Sci., 106, 2005–2024. 2017.
Prodehl, C.: Structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the central
european rift system, Tectonophysics, 80, 255–269, 1981.
Prodehl, C., Mueller, S., Glahn, A., Gutscher, M., and Haak, V.:
Lithospheric cross sections of the European Cenozoic rift system,
Tectonophysics, 208, 113–138, 1992.
Ritter, J. R. R., Jordan, M., Christensen, U. R., and Achauer, U.: A mantle
plume below the Eifel volcanic fields, Germany, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett.,
186, 7–14, 2001.
Rudnick, R. L. and Goldstein, S. L.: The Pb isotopic compositions of lower
crustal xenoliths and the evolution of lower crustal Pb, Earth Planet. Sc.
Lett., 98, 192–207, 1990.
Schmidberger, S. S. and Hegner, E.: Geochemistry and isotope systematics of
calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Saar-Nahe basin (SW Germany) ± implications for Late-Variscan orogenic development, Contrib. Mineral.
Petrol., 135, 373–385, 1999.
Schmincke, H. U.: The Quaternary Volcanic Fields of the East and West Eifel
(Germany), in: Mantle Plumes: A Multidisciplinary Approach, edited by: Ritter,
J. R. R. and Christensen, U. R., Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 241–322, 2007.
Schnepp, E. and Hradetzky, H.: Combined paleointensity and 40Ar/39Ar age
spectrum data from volcanic rocks of the West Eifel field (Germany):
Evidence for an early Brunhes geomagnetic excursion, J. Geophys. Res., 99,
9061–9076, 1994.
Seiberlich, C. K. A., Ritter, J. R. R., and Wawerzinek, B.: Topography of
the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary below the Upper Rhine Graben Rift
and the volcanic Eifel region, Central Europe, Tectonophysics, 603, 222–236,
2013.
Shaw, C. S. J.: Dissolution of orthopyroxene in basanitic magma between 0.4
and 2 GPa: further implications for the origin of Si-rich alkaline glass
inclusions in mantle xenoliths, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 135, 114–132,
1999.
Shaw, C. S. J.: Caught in the act – The first few hours of xenolith
assimilation preserved in lavas of the Rockeskyllerkopf volcano, West Eifel,
Germany, Lithos, 112, 511–523, 2009a.
Shaw, C. S. J.: Textural development of amphibole during breakdown reactions
in a synthetic peridotite, Lithos, 110, 215–228, 2009b.
Shaw, C. S. J. and Edgar, A. D.: Post-entrainment mineral-melt reactions in
spinel peridotite xenoliths from Inver, Donegal, Ireland, Geol. Mag., 134,
771–779, 1997.
Shaw, C. S. J. and Eyzaguirre, J.: Origin of megacrysts in the alkaline
lavas of the West Eifel volcanic field, Germany, Lithos, 50, 75–95, 2000.
Shaw, C. S. J. and Klügel, A.: The pressure and temperature conditions
and timing of glass formation in mantle-derived xenoliths from Baarley, West
Eifel, Germany: the case for amphibole breakdown, lava infiltration and
mineral – melt reaction, Mineral. Petrol., 74, 163–187, 2002.
Shaw, C. S. J. and Woodland, A. B.: The role of magma mixing in the
petrogenesis of mafic alkaline lavas, Rockeskyllerkopf Volcanic Complex,
West Eifel, Germany, Bull. Volcanol., 74, 359–376, 2012.
Shaw, C. S. J., Eyzaguirre, J., Fryer, B. J., and Gagnon, J.: Regional
Variations in the Mineralogy of Metasomatic Assemblages in Mantle Xenoliths
from the West Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany, J. Petrol., 46, 945–972, 2005.
Shaw, C. S. J., Heidelbach, F., and Dingwell, D. B.: The origin of reaction
textures in mantle peridotite xenoliths from Sal Island, Cape Verde: the
case for “metasomatism” by the host lava, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 151,
681–697, 2006.
Shaw, C. S. J., Woodland, A. B., Hopp, J., and Trenholm, N.: Structure and
evolution of the Rockeskyllerkopf Volcanic Complex, West Eifel Volcanic
Field, Germany, Bull. Volcanol., 72, 971–990, 2010.
Shaw, C. S. J., Lebert, B. S., and Woodland, A. B.: Thermodynamic Modelling
of Mantle–Melt Interaction Evidenced by Veined Wehrlite Xenoliths from the
Rockeskyllerkopf Volcanic Complex, West Eifel Volcanic Field, Germany, J.
Petrol., 59, 59–86, 2018.
Spandler, C., Hammerli, J., Sha, P., Hilbert-Wolf, H., Hu, Y., Roberts, E.,
and Schmitz, M.: MKED1: A new titanite standard for in situ analysis of
Sm–Nd isotopes and U–Pb geochronology, Chem. Geol., 425, 110–126, 2016.
Stosch, H.-G.: Constitution and evolution of subcontinental upper mantle and
lower crust in areas of young volcanism: Differences and similarities
between the Eifel (F.R. Germany) and Tariat Depression (central Mongolia) as
evidenced by peridotite and granulite xenoliths, Fortsch. Mineral., 65,
49–86, 1987.
Stosch, H. G., Lugmair, G. W., and Seck, H. A.: Geochemistry of
granulite-facies lower crustal xenoliths: implications for the geological
history of the lower continental crust below the Eifel, West Germany, Geol.
Soc. Lond. Spec. Pub., 24, 309–317, 1986.
Stosch, H.-G., Schmucker, A., and Reys, C.: The nature and geological
history of the deep crust under the Eifel, Germany, Terra Nova, 4, 53–62,
1992.
Sun, C. and Liang, Y.: A REE-in-plagioclase–clinopyroxene thermometer for
crustal rocks, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 172, 24, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-016-1326-9, 2017.
Sun, S.-S. and McDonough, W. F.: Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic
basalts: implications for mantle composition and processes, Geol. Soc.
Lond. Spec. Pub., 42, 313–345, 1989.
Tam, P. Y., Zhao, G., Sun, M., Li, S., Wu, M., and Yin, C.: Petrology and
metamorphic P–T path of high-pressure mafic granulites from the Jiaobei
massif in the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt, North China Craton, Lithos, 155, 94–109,
2012.
Timmerman, M. J., Heeremans, M., Kirstein, L. A., Larsen, B. T.,
Spencer-Dunworth, E.-A., and Sundvoll, B.: Linking changes in tectonic style
with magmatism in northern Europe during the late Carboniferous to latest
Permian, Tectonophysics, 473, 375–390, 2009.
Upton, B. G. J., Stephenson, D., Smedley, P. M., Wallis, S. M., and Fitton,
J. G.: Carboniferous and Permian magmatism in Scotland, Geol. Soc. Lond.
Spec. Pub., 223, 195–218, 2004.
Van Orman, J. A., Grove, T. L., and Shimizu, N.: Rare earth element diffusion
in diopside; influence of temperature, pressure and ionic radius, and an
elastic model for diffusion in silicates, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 141,
687–703, 2001.
Vernon, R. H.: A practical guide to rock microstructure, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, 2004.
Witt-Eickschen, G., Kaminsky, W., Kramm, U., and Harte, B.: The nature of
young vein metasomatism in the lithosphere of the West Eifel (Germany):
Geochemical and Isotopic constraints from the composite mantle xenoiths from
the Meerfelder Maar, J. Petrol., 39, 155–185, 1998.
Witt-Eickschen, G., Seck, H. A., Mezger, K., Eggins, S. M., and Altherr, R.:
Lithospheric mantle evolution beneath the Eifel (Germany): Constraints from
Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes and trace element abundances in spinel peridotite and
pyroxenite xenoliths, J. Petrol., 44, 1077–1095, 2003.
Wohletz, K., Civetta, L., and Orsi, G.: Thermal evolution of the Phlegraean
magmatic system, J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res., 91, 391–414, 1999.
Wörner, G., Schmincke, H.-U., and Schreyer, W.: Crustal xenoliths from
the Quaternary Wehr volcano (East Eifel), Neu. Jb. Mineral. Abh., 144,
29–55, 1982.
Xirouchakis, D., Lindsley, D. H., and Andersen, D. J.: Assemblages with
titanite (CaTiOSiO4), Ca-Mg-Fe olivine and pyroxenes, Fe-Mg-Ti oxides,
and quartz; Part 1, Theory, Amer. Miner., 86, 247–253, 2001a.
Xirouchakis, D., Lindsley, D. H., and Frost, B. R.: Assemblages with
titanite (CaTiOSiO4), Ca-Mg-Fe olivine and pyroxenes, Fe-Mg-Ti oxides,
and quartz; Part II, Application, Amer. Miner., 86, 254–264, 2001b.
Ziegler, P. A. and Dèzes, P.: Evolution of the lithosphere in the area
of the Rhine Rift System, Int. J. Earth. Sci., 94, 594–614, 2005.
Zolitschka, B., Negendank, J., and Lottermoser, B.: Sedimentological proof
and dating of the early Holocene volcanic eruption of Ulmener Maar
(Vulkaneifel, Germany), Geol. Rund., 84, 213–219, 1995.
Short summary
Volcanic activity in the West Eifel region of Germany over the past million years has brought many samples of the Earth's mantle and crust to the surface. The samples from this study are pieces of the deep crust that formed between 264 and 253 million years ago at a depth of ~ 30 km. Samples like these reveal how the Earth's crust has grown and been modified over time.
Volcanic activity in the West Eifel region of Germany over the past million years has brought...
