We report a comprehensive data set characterizing and quantifying two types of mineral defects in the most abundant mineral of Earth's upper mantle: olivine. Namely, we investigate translation defects of dislocation and rotation defects, called disclinations, in polycrystalline olivine deformed in uniaxial compression or torsion, at high temperature and pressure. The defects are identified via mapping of the crystallographic disorientation detected using electron backscatter diffraction.